Vat tu thiet bi dien cong nghiep

Khi keo dai thep ong tu cau kien nay sang cau kien khac phai chu y den iiem dung thi cong, vua phai dam bao yeu cau chiu luc, vua phai dam bao ae thi cong. Cac chi tiet noi phai duoc nghien puu than trong de dam bao de thi cong va do do de bao dam chat luong. Do betong vao moi noi, han cac chi tiet thep o cac moi noi la nhung viec kho. can bao dam do betong de dang va khong phai han ngua. Phai dam bao cac quy dinh ve neo, uon, noi cot thep, khoang cach cot dai o khu vuc moi noi. Trong ket cau betong cot thep, ngoai cot thep duoc dat theo tinh toan de chiu cac loai rioi luc tinh duoc theo tai trong va so do ket cau da vach ra, con phai dat nhieu loai cot thep cau tao. Cot thep cau tao dung de chiu nhung noi luc xuat hien do su khong phu hop giua so do tinh toan va ket cau that, trong do chu yeu la o cho nhung lien ket that khong quay duoc tu do nhu so do khop, khong ngam chat nhu so do ngam, dong thoi so do tinh cung khong xet het duoc nhung nhan to anh huong den su tac dong qua lai giua cac bo phan ket cau voi nhau. Cot cau tao con dung de chiu nhung tac dong bat thuong, va nhung sai lech giua dang tai trong dua vao trong tinh toan voi dang tai trong that. Cot cau tao cung duoc dat vao nhung vung ma trang thai ung suat o do kha phuc tap, kho nam bat duoc mot cach chac chan, chi co the xu ly bang kinh nghiem hay thi nghiem mo hinh (vi du mat khung). Nhieu loai cot thep cau tao duoc dung de chiu nhung^ung suat do co ngot cua betong, do su thay doi nhiet do ma trong tinh toan khong ke den. Nguoi ta con dat cot thep cau tao de du phong lun lech giua cac mong.

Lop ma dong de danh bong dat den do bong rat cao, lai gan bam tot voi nhieu kim loai khac nhu thep ong Ni, Cr, Ag cho nen dong thuong duoc dung lam lop ma lot cho nhieu lop ma khac. Lop ma dong con duoc dung de chong tham cacbon cuc bo cho cac chi tiet may khi nhiet luyen. Ma dong cung dtiOc dung trong ky thuat in lam con chu, mat truc in lom, ma chep hinh Dung dich axit de ma dong gom cac dung dich sunfat, floborat, nitrat, flosilicat, sunfamat va clorua. Chung deu co thanh phan don gian, lam viec on dinh, dung duoc mat do dong dien cao, nhat la khi tang nhiet do va khuay manh dung dich. Hieu suat dong dien cao, xap xi 100%. Thanh phan chu yeu cua cac dung dich axit la muoi dong va cac axit tuong ung Khi ma, ion Cu2t phong dien tren catot o dien the kha va it thay doi khi tang hay giam mat do dong dien (tuc do phan cuc catot be), vi vay chung thuong cho lop ma co cau truc tinh the tho, to, nhung lop ma kin, chac sit. Nhuoc diem chung cua cac dung dich axit la- kha nang phan bo thap nen chi ma cho vat co hinh dang don gian, va dac biet la khong the ma truc tiep len nen gang, thep, hop kim kem va cac kim loai khac co dien the am hon dong. Boi vi khi nhung cac kim loai na}’ vao be ma dong axit lap tuc kim loai nen se day ion dong ra khoi muoi cua no va giai phong thanh lop dong kim loai phu kin khap mat kim loai nen, ngay khi chua kip noi voi dong dien ngoai, nhung tiec thay lop dong thu duoc do tiep xuc nay lai rat toi, xop, nhieu lo ho, bam rat kem voi nen. Vi vay truoc khi ma dong tu dung dich axit, cac vat bang sat thep, kem. hop kim kem can phai ma truoc (ma lot) mot lop ken mong (1-5 M-m) hay lop dong mong (2-4 um) tu dung dich xyanua, sau do rua sach roi moi ma dong axit.

Ma thep hop con (tuoc dung vao cac viec : bao ve day cap dong, chong lai tac dung cua luu huynh co trong vo caosu cach dien : lam de han cac tiep diem: tao ra tren be mat lam viec mot lop de ra khit.... Co the ma thiec cho cac vat bang thep, dong, nhom, hop kim nhom, hop kim kem. Lop ma thiec chi bao ve (luoc thep trong khong khi khi chung khong co lo xop.VANANHLop ma thiec rat deQ, chiu duoc cac bien dang co hoc nhu dot, dap, can, keo .... Lop ma thiec dien hoa co mot dac diem la la trong qua trinh bao quan , thiec se tai ket tinh thanh cac tinh the hinh chi co khi chieu dai den 5 ram. Cac tinh the.hinh chi nay co the dan den hien tuong ngan mach trong cac thiet bi dien tu . Toc do phat trien cac tinh the hinh chi ay phu thuoc vao ban chat cua nen . Thay rang tren lien kem, dong hay dong thau, toc do phat trien tinh the hinh chi cua lop ma thiec la lon nhat. Lam chay mem lop ma thiec hay ma lot mot lop mong ken truoc khi ma thiec se ngan chan duoc su phat trien cua I inh the hinh chi noi tren. VANANHNgoai phuong phap ma dien, lop thiec con duoc tao ra b phap nhung nong, phiiong phap hoa hoc (noi dien phan) ha dien phan trong nnioi nong chay.... Cac dung dich axit ma thiec thuong la dung dich sunfonat, floborat, halogenuaVANANHDung dich sunfatVANANHDung dich sunfat gom co cac chat thiec simfat, axit 1 chat hoat dong be mat. Doi khi con cho them Na2S04 de tang I dung dich . H-SO,, cho vao dung dich de giam bot su thuy pha thiec, cung nhu de khac phuc su oxy hoa thanh Sil4 V nham. Cac dung dich axit khong co mat chat huu co khong tl tua thiec vua y vi tinh the rat tho va phat trien manh thanh canh vat ma.VANANHKhi khong co phu gia, phan cuc catot trong dung dich i the thu duoc rat tho. roi rac: ngay khi dung mat do dong die tinh the van phat trien mot cach rieng re va co the vuon dai sar ngan mach giua cac cuc. Nhiing khi cho them nxit crezolsunfoni them ca keo da nua thi phan cuc catot tang len den 500 - 6 tuong sinh “cay" cung mat di. lop ma tro nen phang, nhan, min, Ma thiec tu dung dich axit co them chat hoat dong 1 nang phan bo tang len rat cao, co the ngiing voi dung dich dong suat dong dien 90-98V

Tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa duoc dung rong rai de lam thep ong khong gi, nhom va hop kim nhom, dong va hop kim don metal, cac lop ma .... Nhung kinh te nhat la dung cho thep khon hop kim nhom, hop kim dong. Tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa co the nang them do bong 2 cap. De co be mat bong phiiong phap co hoc phai bao mon hei mo lan vi mo, trong khi tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa chi can nham vi mo la du, tuc la tao duoc do bong ngay tren be mat ro nhan, phang. Tay bong hoa hoc khong can den nguon dien mot chie riep dien, tay bong deu cho vat co hinh dang phuc tap voi in Nhung dung dich tay bong hoa hoc dung khong duoc lau, kho die sinh: cho do bong khong cao bang tay bong dien hoa: thuong ph nhiet do cao va doi khi thai nhieu khi doc hai (NO. N02,...). Tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa duoc dung rong rai de lam bong, dep cho thep khong gi, nhom va hop kim nhom, dong va hop kim dong, ken, monel metal, cac lop ma .... Nhung kinh te nhat la dung cho thep khong gi, nhom va hop kim nhom, hop kim dong. Tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa co the nang them do bong be mat len 1 -2 cap. De co be mat bong phuong phap co hoc phai bao mon het cac nham vi mo lan vi mo. trong khi tay bong hoa hoc va dien hoa chi can san bang cac nham vi mo la du, tuc la tao duoc do bong ngay tren be mat map mo, khong nhan, phang.

Cadimi (Cd) la kim loai mau trang bac co anh xanh, deo hon kem, chiu can keo, ep dap, nong, ren,... rat tot. Lop ma Cd gan bam tot voi nen kim loai, chiu mai mon tot. Cd co trong luong nguyen tu 112,41, hoa tri 2 trong tat ca cac hop chat cua no, duong luong dien hoa cua Cd2 2,214 g/Ah, trong luong rieng Y - 8,6, nhiet do nong chay 321 c. Do cung cua lop ma Cd la 0,6 - 1,5 GPa. Dien tro rieng 0.076.10. Dien the tieu chuan -0,403V, gan voi dien the tieu chuan cua Fe (-0,440V). nen tinh chat bao ve cua Cd thay doi theo dieu kien cu the cua moi truong Nhu o dieu kien binh thiiong Cd la lop ma catot doi voi sat thep, tuc la chi bao ve duoc khi lop ma kin, trong khi do o moi truong nuoc bien, co mat cac ion Cl - va so/ -, dien the Cd tro nen am hon , do do Cd lai bien thanh lop ma anot, bao ve dien hoa doi voi sat ong thep. Chinh vi vay ma Cd bao ve cac cong trinh trong niioc bien, vung khi hau bien hay noi co mu muoi tot hon kem.VANANHTrong khong khi kho rao, Cd giu duoc ve sang, dep kha lau; nhiing trong khong khi am chung mail chong bi mo di mot it do tao thanh lop oxyt mong tren mat. lop nay giu cho Cd khong bi tiep tuc oxy hoa nen van con giu duoc ve dep cua lop ma kha lau, ve mat nay no hon han lop ma kem.VANANHTrong vung cong nghiep, khong khi co chua sunfua nen Cd bi phu mot lop cadimi sunfua de tan trong nuoc, bi nuoc mua rua troi va tiep tuc bi an mon. Cho nen trong vung cong nghiep Cd lai bi pha huy nhanh hon kem tu 1,5 den 2 lan. Cung khong nen de lop ma Cd tiep xuc voi nhien lieu, dau mo tong hop, chat deo va chat huu co da lao hoa VI chung se tiet ra cac chat xam thuc lam hu hong lop ma Cd.